S.Orlov*
Petrozavodsk State University
Received: 22 Aug 2025; Accepted:09 Sep 2025; Published:19 Sep 2025
Citation:S.Orlov“Explaining the Invariance of The Speed of Light” J Phys Opt Photon Sci(2025): 101. DOI: 10.59462/JPOPS.1.1.101
Copyright: © 2025 S.Orlov. This is an open-access arti cle distributed under the terms of the Creative Com mons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
А new physical model of the appearance of light, properties, and its trajectory. The theory explains the paradox of invariance and isotropy of light based on the laws of classical physics.
Theory of vortex gravitation, cosmology, cosmogony,Aerodynamics.
For many years, scientists - physicists have tried to measure
the speed of light. Galileo - in the seventeenth century.
The first experiment to measure the speed of light was
held Ole Roemer, a Danish physicist, in 1676. Hippolyte
Fizi proposed a more accurate method for measuring the
speed of light in Europe in 1849. Scientist Francois Arago
determines the speed of light in 1838 by a rotating mirror.
In 1862, on the production of the speed of light worked
Leon Foucault. Albert Michelson [1] determined the speed
of light with high accuracy in 1926: с = 299 796 000±4 000
m/s
The main conclusion of the study was the invariance of
the speed of light. That is, the speed of light is the same
in all inertial frames of reference and does not depend on
the speed of the observer and the emitter. This amazing
fact was first proven by Michelson’s experiment: the
independence of the speed of light from direction (isotropic)
and the orbital motion of the Earth around the sun. In
the future, this paradox was confirmed by astronomers.
Willem de Sitter in monitoring the spectral binaries found
that the speed of light flux from removing the stars and
approaches are constant speed of light (c) and equal to
each other. That is, they do not depend on the speed of
the star (light sources) [2]. Based on the laws of classical
physics, this paradox cannot yet be proven. That is, they
do not depend on the rate of the star (light sources) [2].
From the point of view of classical physics this paradox
so far can’t be explained. Based on this property of light in
1905, Einstein proposed the Special Theory of Relativity
(STR) in the paper “On the Electrodynamics of Moving
Bodies” [3]. SRT conclusions were as paradoxical as the
invariance of light.
On the basis of the SRT can assert that events in different
inertial frames of reference will have different timings
if these frames of reference are moving relative to each
other. This article explains the origin, properties and
immutability of light based on the laws of physics and the
theory of vortex gravity, cosmology and cosmogony [4].
The theory of vortex gravity, cosmology and cosmogony
proves that all celestial bodies (matter) are created by
ethereal vortices. The sizes of bodies and ethereal vortices
vary by infinite amounts. The biggest ethereal vortex that
people can watch this universal whirlwind, the smallest
– atomic. The orbital speed of the ether in each vortex
decreases in the direction from the center to the periphery
of the vortex. The speed of orbital rotation decreases in
inverse proportion to the square of the orbital radius.
Change of orbital velocity is inversely proportional to the
pressure change in the air. Pressure gradient force creates
vortex gravitation. This pattern works the same in vortices
of different volumes. In theory, the vortex gravitation [4]
obtained an equation to determine the gravitational force
in the etheric vortex:(1), 2
The assumption № 1.Under the action of attractive forces
on the surface of the atom or on surface of nucleus of the
atom ether stream is converted into an electromagnetic
flux including a light. The light has mass. Gravity act on the
light. Since particles of light (photons) acquired mass, they
slowed down their speed. Thus, the light gets its velocity
- c. The magnetic flux (of light) around an atom is affected
by two forces: the force of vortex attraction of atoms and
the centrifugal force.
For uniform orbital motion of light, it is necessary that
the orbital speed of photons create a centrifugal force
equal to the force of atomic attraction. This rate is equal
to the atomic orbit well-known speed of light - (c). In
aerodynamics, this speed is called the first escape
velocity. The atomic attraction is generated by the pressure
gradient in the atomic vortex (uravn.4). The pressure
gradient is the difference of pressure values in free ester
stationary and the center of the vortex. In a free state, the
pressure is always constant and maximum. In the center
of vortex, the pressure of ether depends on the rotational
speed and temperature. If a substance (atom) is heated,
then the pressure (P) of the atom in the center increases
in proportion to the temperature (T), in accordance with
Charles’s law [6].
T ~ P(2)
Then the pressure gradient decreases and, in accordance
with equation (1), the force of attraction of the vortex
decreases. In this case, the centrifugal forces Fc exceed
the forces of atomic, vortex attraction Fn. The speed of
light is converted into the second cosmic speed. Light
moves away from the atom along the most economical
spiral trajectory according to the calculations of Walter
Hohmann (7). The place of the departed light stream is
taken by a new stream of ether. This stream is the same
principle is converted into light. If the external effects
(heating) is stored, the conversion and emission light from
the atom will continue permanently. This is the nature of
light. Light is created not by the energy or mass of matter
(atoms), but only by the transformation of ether into light
under the influence of atomic vortex gravity and external
influences (temperature). The cessation of light emission
occurs when the external influence (heating) on the
atom ceases or the atom, and with it the atomic vortex,
is destroyed. Figure 1 shows the movement of light in an
atomic torsion bar.
Figure 1:Aerodynamic Diagram
Fig. 1. S - light source (the atom), O - observer, r - radius
of the atom, rl - the radius of the orbit of light flow in a calm
state, prior to heating (at orbital velocity), v - relative speed
of retreat or approach between the observer O and the
light source S. c - velocity of light vector. Fig. 1 shows:
the observer (O) to move relative to the light source (S)
with a speed v; light flux from the atom which trajectory
intersects the observer (O) at a large angle. Consequently,
the speed of light relative to the observer (O) is equal to
the absolute speed of light - c. Observer speed (v) with
respect to the light source can not change the rate of arrival of light (c) to the observer.
Figure 1 shows an aerodynamic diagram of the movement
of a light flux from one atom. When light is emitted from many atoms, the aerodynamic scheme does not
fundamentally change, but is only multiplied many times
over. Light will always flow to the observer along the
same helical trajectory (at a large angle to the radius
of the light field) with its constant speed - v. Spiral light
fluxes from these atoms can twist in different directions.
The orbital planes of light fluxes are located in space with
any inclinations from each other. Thus, light is an infinite
collection of ultra-small, spiral filaments. These streams
are combined into a single spherical light field. Since the
radius and circumference of the light field are directly
proportional, the light field increases radially, also at the
speed of light. When the observer moves in any direction,
the light flux will always arrive at the observer at a right
angle, maintaining its speed of light - c. A luminous flux
directed along an infinite number of spiral trajectories
creates isotropy.
Conclusion. Equate the speed of light (b) to the speed of
anybody (v) in space is possible only according to the laws
of vector algebra. Relative movement of any other body
in space, light always moves at a right angle. Therefore,
the relative speed of light reaching anybody will always
be equal to the absolute speed of light, regardless of the
speed of movement of the point under consideration (O)
relative to the light source (S).
Mathematically this can be written:
c + v = c - v = c
The concept of the luminiferous ether was launched in
the XVII century Rene Descartes. In the future, the wave
theory, the luminiferous ether developed in the writings
of Huygens. A detailed justification for this theory was
developed by Maxwell in the 19th century within the
framework of wave optics and electromagnetic theory.
The proposed spiral model of light flux is very close to
the concept of wave motion of light and differs only in
the trajectory of the light flux. The movement of the light
flux does not contradict the laws of classical physics.
Invariance was introduced into scientific consideration
because the movement of light was (erroneously) taken
as a direct and radial flow.
In the spiral model of the origin and movement of light,
this task is not difficult, since the impulse of movement the
light flow received from the ether, which moved at a speed
exceeding the speed of light.
When determining the speed of light, researchers added up
the speed modules. In reality, you need to add the vectors
of these velocities. The movement of the luminous flux is
not contrary to the laws of classical physics. Invariance
was introduced into scientific consideration only because
of a misunderstanding of the movement of light as straight
and radial.