Bilal Ahmad Dar*
Fellow, Tribal Research Institute Jammu and Kashmir, India
Received: 23 October, 2024; Accepted: 11 November, 2024; Published: 18 November, 2024
Citation: Bilal, Ahmad Dar. “Exploring the Landscape of Tribal Economic Development and Entrepreneurship in the Region of Jammu and Kashmir: Challenges, Opportunities, and Strategies.” J Glob Entrep Manage (2024): 116. DOI: 10.59462/3068-174X.2.3.116
Copyright: © 2024 Matilde Bilal Ahmad Dar. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
This review paper explores tribal economic growth and entrepreneurship in Jammu and Kashmir, known for its cultural richness and geopolitical complexity. This review paper covers the economic aims and entrepreneurial activities of indigenous inhabitants in the region, focusing on their problems, opportunities, and imaginative methods. The northernmost area of India, Jammu and Kashmir, offers a riveting chance to investigate the complex dynamics of culture, tradition, and modernity in the context of sustainable economic growth. The review paper discusses indigenous groups’ historical and cultural roots and how these have affected their economic and entrepreneurial practices. This review paper also critically analyses Jammu and Kashmir tribal communities’ socio-economic challenges. Education, infrastructure, resource accessibility, and political instability are among these issues. This study also examines how government policies, tribal groups, and neighbourhood efforts promote entrepreneurship and economic development in these communities. The global discourse about sustainable development and indigenous entrepreneurship has underlined the necessity of understanding tribal economic growth in Jammu and Kashmir. This book review paper discusses indigenous communities’ challenges and chances to contribute to the dialogue. It also details their economic and entrepreneurial efforts in this particular regional setting. This review paper aims to help policymakers, scholars, and development practitioners comprehend Jammu and Kashmir’s tribal economic development and entrepreneurial issues. It also attempts to spark a discussion on how to empower indigenous communities to attain economic success and preserve their culture.
In recent times, there has been a notable endeavor on the part of both the central and state governments to expedite, expand, and maintain economic growth with the objective of fostering inclusivity. Nevertheless, notwithstanding these endeavors, certain sectors of the populace persist in encountering exclusion or constrained advantages stemming from this trajectory of expansion, leading to an exacerbation of inequities inside and between rural and urban regions as well as within diverse socioeconomic cohorts. Within marginalized communities, Scheduled Tribes (STs) encounter a range of discriminatory practices when attempting to secure vital resources, including but not limited to land, capital or credit, employment opportunities, healthcare services, educational access, housing options, basic amenities, and public services. In order to mitigate this discriminatory practice, many efforts have been undertaken, including the enactment of constitutional provisions, the implementation of a range of initiatives, the adoption of preferred treatments, the establishment of protective measures, and the enforcement of affirmative policies. It is imperative to acknowledge that the Scheduled Tribe (ST) community is characterized by significant heterogeneity as they are geographically distributed throughout multiple states in India. Certain segments of this society also inhabit rural regions and rely mostly on forest resources for their sustenance. The imperative to enhance their livelihood chances and foster avenues for employment and entrepreneurship is pivotal in the process of integrating them into the wider framework of development. Furthermore, it is becoming recognized that the circumstances of tribal communities may have experienced a decline in quality during the recent global health crisis and subsequent implementation of restrictive measures. The communities in question are currently facing an imminent livelihood crisis, which has resulted in the loss of employment and income for many individuals. Consequently, this situation has exacerbated their existing poverty levels [1]. The forthcoming decade holds significant importance, as it is crucial to define and actively pursue a growth trajectory that is sustainable, inclusive, and resilient, thereby benefiting both humanity and the environment.
Current Situation: The Jammu and Kashmir region harbours a diversified and culturally rich tribal population, characterized by their unique customs and traditions. Over the course of time, there have been endeavors aimed at fostering economic development and entrepreneurship within native communities. Significant advancements have been achieved in various industries, including agriculture, handicrafts, and tourism. The acknowledgment and economic contribution of traditional crafts, such as Pashmina weaving and papier-mâché art, have been significant in the region. Moreover, governmental endeavors such as the “Umeed” program [2] have been designed with the objective of enhancing the agency of indigenous women by means of self-help collectives, thereby promoting the development of microenterprises. Challenges: Notwithstanding these endeavors, tribal economic growth [3] in the region of Jammu and Kashmir encounters various obstacles. A significant concern pertains to the prevailing security conditions inside the region, which have acted as a deterrent to investment and impeded the progress of businesses. Entrepreneurs face substantial challenges due to the restricted availability of financial resources and inadequate infrastructural development [1]. Additionally, indigenous communities frequently face challenges related to suboptimal literacy levels and restricted opportunities for accessing highquality education and training. These factors hinder their ability to actively participate in contemporary economic endeavors. It is imperative to strike a delicate equilibrium between fostering economic progress and safeguarding the integrity of indigenous cultures and customs. Opportunities for tribal economic growth [3] and entrepreneurship in the region of Jammu and Kashmir persist, notwithstanding the existing difficulties. The natural aesthetics and tourism prospects of the region present favourable circumstances for the establishment of ecotourism and hospitality enterprises. Investments in skill development and education have the potential to empower tribal youth by equipping them with the necessary knowledge and abilities to actively engage in developing areas such as information technology and renewable energy. Moreover, the government’s emphasis on the “Make in India” [4] and “StartUP India”[5] initiatives can be utilized to facilitate the advancement of tribal entrepreneurship through the provision of essential assistance and resources. In order to effectively tackle these issues and maximize potential benefits, it is imperative to adopt a comprehensive and multifaceted approach. The proposed course of action included enhancing security measures and bolstering infrastructure inside the region with the aim of attracting investments. Tailoring educational and vocational training programs to meet the specific needs of indigenous communities has the potential to boost their employability and foster their entrepreneurial capabilities. The promotion of sustainable tourism and the enhancement of traditional crafts have the potential to stimulate economic growth while simultaneously safeguarding cultural heritage. Government-private partnerships and financial incentives are essential factors that can significantly contribute to the promotion of entrepreneurship within indigenous communities. In summary, the examination of tribal economic growth [3] and entrepreneurship in the region of Jammu and Kashmir presents a multifaceted undertaking characterized by a combination of obstacles and prospects. Key measures to empower indigenous populations and encourage inclusive growth in the region encompass addressing security concerns, boosting education and skill development, and fostering sustainable economic activity.
There are several policies and initiatives that might be adopted to facilitate tribal economic growth [3] and entrepreneurship in the region of Jammu and Kashmir. The Tribal Entrepreneurship Development Program [6] is a program aimed at fostering the growth and development of entrepreneurship within tribal communities. Propose the implementation of a specialized initiative focused on fostering tribal entrepreneurship within the local area. Offer financial assistance, educational training, and guidance to indigenous businesses. To promote the establishment of tribal business enterprises, it is recommended to provide various incentives, including grants, subsidies, and lowinterest loans.
Initiatives for the development of skills and education: The establishment of skill development canters within tribal communities is proposed as a means to provide community members with contemporary skill sets [7]. The objective is to establish and advance vocational training programs that are in accordance with the prevailing economic prospects within the local community. Improve the availability of high-quality education by implementing measures such as scholarships and incentives specifically targeted at students from tribal communities. Infrastructure development refers to the process of constructing and improving the physical structures and systems that support economic and social activities within a region or country. This includes the construction of roads, to enhance business accessibility in tribal communities, it is imperative to allocate resources towards the investment in vital infrastructure, including but not limited to roads, electricity, and internet connectivity. One potential strategy to stimulate private sector investments is the establishment and development of industrial and technology parks. Advocate for the utilization of renewable energy sources as a means to guarantee a dependable provision of electrical power.
The promotion of tribal tourism: The objective is to establish and promote indigenous cultural encounters and environmentally sustainable tourism initiatives within the area. Advocate for the development of tourist amenities and infrastructure inside indigenous territories. Promote collaborations between indigenous communities and tourism providers to enhance mutual benefits and sustainable development [8].
The conservation of indigenous artisanal traditions: Propose the establishment of craft clusters and artisan cooperatives as a means to augment the production and sale of indigenous tribal crafts. Offering design and marketing support to enhance the competitiveness of these products in both domestic and global markets Propose the establishment of a geographical indication (GI) label to safeguard and enhance the visibility of distinctive tribal merchandise. In this section, we will discuss the many measures implemented to ensure security and stability.
Enhance security protocols within the region: to foster a favourable climate for investment and commercial activities. Promote stability and foster trust by actively engaging with local communities. In order to effectively handle issues in a peaceful manner, it is imperative to establish and implement conflict resolution processes. The topic under discussion is inclusive financial services. Propose the establishment of bank branches and financial institutions in geographically isolated tribal regions.
Provide microfinance and microcredit alternatives: to indigenous entrepreneurs from tribal communities. Promote the adoption of digital financial services to enhance accessibility. Government procurement policies refer to the set of regulations and guidelines established by a governing body to govern the process of acquiring goods and services from external suppliers. These policies are designed to ensure transparency, fairness, and efficiency in Enact regulations that establish a priority for the acquisition of products and services from enterprises owned by tribal entities, with a specific focus on government projects.
Developing incentives for government agencies: to prioritize the procurement of products and services from local indigenous entrepreneurs Research and development support is a crucial aspect of the academic and scientific communities. It plays a significant role in advancing knowledge and innovation across several disciplines. This support encompasses a wide range of activities, including funding, resources, and expertise, which are essential for Support the allocation of resources towards research and innovation initiatives with the objective of fostering novel economic prospects within tribal regions. Facilitate the establishment of partnerships between tribal communities and research institutions with the aim of fostering the development of sustainable solutions. The topic of discussion pertains to the process of monitoring and evaluation.
Develop a comprehensive monitoring and evaluation framework: to systematically evaluate the effects of policies and initiatives on the economic development of indigenous communities. It is imperative to consistently evaluate and modify programs in accordance with input and outcomes. Through the implementation of these policies and programs, the Jammu and Kashmir area can endeavor to facilitate the advancement of tribal economic growth [3] and entrepreneurship, thus enhancing the livelihoods and overall well-being of its tribal inhabitants.
Comprehensive tribal entrepreneurship strategy: Social group identification determines livelihood and business potential. Scheduled Tribes (STs) [9] own and operate fewer enterprises than other social groupings, which is even more noticeable given their population percentage. Many aboriginal entrepreneurs work in unsustainable, labour-intensive jobs. Developing an integrated approach to promote tribal entrepreneurship is vital [5]. To attain this goal, Jammu and Kashmir’s tribal populations must be profiled for their skills, talents, experiences, and entrepreneurial potential. Tribal entrepreneurship must be consistent with other entrepreneurial activities. This involves identifying and engaging all local players, such as the private sector, Panchyat, line departments, community centers, incubators, and accelerators, that can help entrepreneurs. Accreditation and certification of existing skills should be prioritized based on prior learning. We must also create customized training modules, curricula, and materials for these target groups and their environments. Entrepreneurship and social welfare must go together. Insurers and social safety nets are needed to mitigate the immediate effects of disasters like the COVID-19 epidemic. Jammu and Kashmir should actively assist and mentor tribal entrepreneurs. Tribal communities should be vigorously promoted and empowered to profit from government programs. Tribal communities may need counseling, mentorship, and handholding while starting or expanding businesses. Simplifying regulatory impediments to tribal entrepreneurship should be a priority. We need a comprehensive, data-driven ecosystem to increase indigenous people’s economic and entrepreneurial participation.