Valvular heart disease is a condition that affects one or more of the heart’s four valves (aortic, mitral, tricuspid, and pulmonary), disrupting normal blood flow. It occurs when the valves become narrowed (stenosis), preventing proper blood flow, or when they fail to close completely (regurgitation or insufficiency), causing blood to leak backward. Some cases involve valve prolapse, where the valve flaps bulge abnormally. Causes of valvular heart disease include congenital defects, infections like rheumatic fever or endocarditis, aging-related degeneration, and conditions like high blood pressure. Symptoms may include shortness of breath, chest pain, fatigue, dizziness, swelling in the legs, and irregular heartbeats. Treatment depends on the severity and may involve medications to manage symptoms, lifestyle changes, or surgical interventions such as valve repair or replacement to restore normal heart function