Neonatology is a specialized branch of pediatrics focused on the medical care of newborn infants, particularly those who are premature, have low birth weight, or suffer from congenital disorders, infections, or birth complications. Neonatologists manage critically ill newborns in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs), providing specialized treatments such as respiratory support for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS), surfactant therapy, and phototherapy for jaundice. Key concerns in neonatology include prematurity-related complications like intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Neonatal infections, metabolic disorders, and congenital anomalies also require early diagnosis and intervention. Feeding and nutrition play a vital role, with many preterm infants requiring parenteral nutrition or fortified breast milk for growth and development. Advances in neonatal care, including improved ventilation techniques and early screening programs, have significantly increased survival rates and quality of life for at-risk newborns. Neonatology is essential in reducing neonatal mortality and ensuring optimal health outcomes for newborns with medical challenges.